8

off the coast of Western Australia, three big beliefs floating beneath the ocean surface look like giant jellyfish tethered to the sea floor. The steel machines 36 feet wide are buffeted by the powerful waves of the Indian Ocean. By harnessing the constant motion of the waves. The buoys generate about 5% of the electricity used at a nearby military base on Garden Island. The buoys are a pilot project of Carnegie wave energy, a company based in Perth. In late February, the buoy started supplying 240 kilowatts each to the electricity grid at Australia's largest naval base. They also help run a desalination plant that transforms seawater into about 1/3 of the bases freshwater supply. Renewable energy is not an urgent matter in Australia, given the country's plentiful supplies of fossil fuels, particularly coal. But Carnegie's demonstration project is ultimately aimed at island nations that must import expensive fuel for electricity, as well as military bases looking to bolster energy and water security. island nations are all looking to be sustainable, said Michael Aviano chief executive at Carnegie wave energy could be a good fit, especially for islands where tropical clouds impede solar power or where wind turbines disturb the aesthetics of tourist destinations. Given the oceans power, wave energy seems a promising source of renewable energy. Over the last two decades, companies have developed various designs, including a sneak like apparatus with hinge joints from dilemmas wave power, a tube light device from ocean power technologies of New Jersey, and bobbing buoys from AWS ocean energy of Scotland, but wave energy remains largely experimental. The equipment is easily damaged by relentless waves and strong storms. And there is a scarcity of large investments needed to refine and test designs. In a blow to the industry dilemmas collapsed late last year after it failed to secure adequate financing. The biggest challenge is funding, said Mr. Otto veto. Any power generation product is capital intensive. Anytime you want to test an idea, it costs millions of dollars, energy technologies that are mainstream today like nuclear power were developed for commercial use with government research and support. He said Carnegie's pilot project named Seto five after the Greek sea got his Seto began with more than $30 million in financing from investors and the Australian government, including $13.1 million from the Australian Renewable Energy Agency, and $7.3 million from the low emissions Energy Department program. Carnegie has been working on its Seto technology since 1999. With cumulative investment of more than $100 million to battle the elements that make wave energy so difficult to produce. This technology differs from most other wave energy designs. It's buoys said three to six feet underwater, rather than float on the surface. This helps shield the equipment from pounding waves. Mr. Aviano, who grew up in Perth near the ocean said everyone knows when you see a wave the intuitive reaction is to dive underneath the constant rocking of the ocean drives hydraulic pumps that push seawater and other liquids through a pipe to a power plant nearly two miles away on Garden Island. There the high pressure water turn standard hydroelectric turbines which power a generator. Wave energy from the buoys also pumps high pressure water through the desalination plant without using fossil fuels. In contrast, many desalination plants use diesel fuel or electricity to pump saltwater at high pressure through membranes to yield fresh water. Carnegie is already planning to start using larger, better designed buoys in 2017 that could each generate one megawatt of electricity, the new technology called the Seto six would use buoys 65 feet wide, that could produce four times the energy of the current prototype. The new technology would generate electricity inside the buoy instead of at an onshore power plant. The electricity would be carried to shore by underwater cables, rather than by pumping water through a pipe. These larger buoys would also sit in deeper water more than seven miles from shore, where waves are larger and have more energy. The newer buoys would be easier to maintain because they would be self contained units that could be towed back to shore. Seto five uses heavy machinery on the sea floor next to each pump to smooth the flow of the pipe water because no water is pumped with the newer buoys. This equipment is not needed. Seto six is expected to generate 30 to 40% of the naval bases electricity at a cheaper rate. Carnegie estimates that using the improved buoys in large wave farms of 100 megawatts would reduce rates to 12 to 15 cents a kilowatt hour. A price comparable to commercial electricity in the state of Western Australia. But on a small scale, wave energy is still costly. Carnegie's current design generates electricity at a cost of about 40 cents a kilowatt hour. This is competitive with electricity from diesel said Mr Aviano. Hence Carnegie's focused on island nations that rely on diesel. What is needed is a well thought out wave energy strategy by governments, but which no country has yet formulated. The Scottish Government has come closest, said Tom Ford, founder of Oxford oceanics in Britain date night. Morning

7

what do Sherlock Holmes and Albert Einstein have in common? Both were extraordinary thinkers. One a fictional genius, the other a real genius, curious, original and brilliant, and both were amateur violinists. The link between these aspects is significant. When either man got really stuck in his problem solving, he would turn to the same solution playing the violin.

A typical scene in the detective novel finds Dr. Watson, the loyal assistant walking up the stairs, knowing from the wild violin sounds he hears that the great Sherlock Holmes has powers to solve problems are being severely tested by the case he is working on.

Holmes apparently trusted the process of logical deduction, but he trusted another process to the act of music making the two processes work together somehow, each helping the other in a way that the author of the stories hints at, but doesn't attempt to define.

Einstein also found a way to aid his thinking through violin playing. He may not have been an especially skilled violinist, but that is clearly not important. Whenever he felt that he had come to the end of the road or into a difficult situation in his work.

His elder son has said he would engage in music and that would usually resolve all his difficulties. musical forms, beauty and patterns took both these geniuses minds beyond conventional thinking into an advanced type of thought.

In both cases, their result focused minds relaxed, somehow allowing their subconscious minds to guide them and playing music. Provided this link between conscious and subconscious.

In short, they solve real world problems by losing themselves in music, specifically in the violin. I would guess that Einstein was not a cautious player either. He attributed his scientific creativity directly to this quality of childlike curiosity. Einstein often said that his most famous theory was also inspired by music, its forms and relationships.

It seems that certain physical actions stimulate the brain, create connections and speed up thought. We have all had the experience of being literally unable to sit still, when we are trying to resolve something in our minds. We pace up and down or shake a leg, almost as if such involuntary motions were needed to move our thoughts forward.

Sometimes the mind body relationship works a bit differently, while taking a long walk or rowing a boat across a lake. Just letting our thoughts drift. We suddenly receive from the subconscious without effort, the solution to a problem that has been troubling us for weeks.

I personally know that playing the piano has this effect. Maybe it has something to do with both sides of the brain being stimulated by the independent movements of both hands. In any case, I have to keep a notebook handy while practicing because I tended to get the answers to all kinds of questions ranging from the insignificant where I left the car keys to the significant My life goal for the next decade.

This mind body unity is only one of the rewards to be found in making music at any level as an adult. Ironically, far too many adults who study music under the general category of amateurs are so modest in their expectations of mastering an instrument that these rewards turn out to be much less than what they might have been.

The paradox is that adult music learners, while they often have the lowest expectations are in a uniquely excellent position to succeed. Many take up an instrument with warm hearted desire, love of music, leisure time and extra money to support the lessons.

Even more importantly, they approach music with more maturity and intelligence. But how much can adults learn if they are constantly comparing themselves negatively to others children no less and feeling guilty about every unmusical wrong note Add to this the mistaken notion of practice as boring discipline, acceptance of the traditional no mistakes approach to learning and uncertainty that they have any real talent for music, and they soon find themselves in a state of semi paralysis of body and mind.

Even the word amateur has conflicts of meaning. While it literally means lover in French. It can also carry the connotation of dabbler, a person who is somehow fated never to be very good to describe someone's work as amateurish usually is not a compliment, but amateur status can be joyous, embracing free choice, pure love of what one is doing, and endless possibilities for discovery.

6

every day a small miracle occurs without anyone paying the slightest attention. At breakfast, lunch and supper 10s of millions of French people decide to gather around a table at the same time in order to share a meal, as if some invisible director had given a signal to mark the start of festivities. This ritual is so deep rooted that the French find it quite usual. For foreigners on the other hand, it is like something from outer space when the American sociologist David Lerner visited France in 1956 he was surprised by the inflexibility of the French regarding food, says fellow sociologist Claude Fischler, Head of Research at the French National Center for Scientific Research.

He couldn't understand why they all ate at a fixed time, like at the zoo. French eating habits are indeed exceptional, everyday life in France is marked by three traditional meals. This is the bold this on poll, a sociologist at the Ecole nomos video in kushana. At 1pm Half the population are at table and at 8:15pm. This activity concerns more than a third of the population. Meals play a large part in organizing social life.

This major collective ritual is specific to the French, a graph plotting mealtimes produced by Euro stat. The Statistical Office of the European Union is almost flat for Sweden, Finland, Slovenia and Britain all the way through the day people feed on various snacks at no particular time. The same graph for France rises to three spectacular spikes, morning, noon and night.

But this is not the only unusual feature of meals in France. French people also spend more time eating than their fellow Europeans. Two hours 22 minutes a day in 2010 13 minutes longer than in 1986.

If you add the hours of domestic labor directly related to eating, cooking, washing up and so on. This is one of the day's main activities. Some Paul wrote in the journal economic statistics in 2006. The French are also very keen on eating together about 80% of meals are taken with other people. In France, meals are strongly associated with good company and sharing, which is undoubtedly less so in other countries says like the US he's a researcher at the European Institute of Food History and Culture.

Americans take a radically different approach. There is nothing sacred about meals, everyone eats at their own speed, depending on their appetite, outside constraints and timetable. As long ago as 1937 French writer Paul Milan was shocked to see New Yorkers lunching alone in the street, like in a stable. US practice is so different from French ritual that it's sometimes requires explanation. There's a secondary school in Toulouse, which sends its students on study tours in America, says social anthropologist John Pierre put on to avoid any misunderstandings.

Teachers warn families before their children leave that the start of their stay will not be marked by an evening meal. Unlike in France, when the students arrive in America, they are shown the fridge and told they can help themselves whenever they like.

The British are very fond of snacking to some Paul can see no evidence of food synchronism according to Milan, food consumption is spread out over the day, resulting in a loss of social atmosphere many British people eat at the wheel or with one eye on their PC, which is sacrilege for the French, who regard meals as a full time activity. In France meals are one of the best bits of the day.

Some poll ends in a survey of how French people spend their time, the National Institute of Statistics and economic studies found that eating gives almost as much pleasure as reading or listening to music. Eating alone at work or at home is often seen as a trial. social practice varies so much from one community to another because eating food can be so much more than just a functional activity.

each country's eating habits are marked by cultural values, symbols and identities. What the French anthropologist Marcel Mauss called a total social fact. In the US the dominant conception of food is nutritional Fischler explains, feeding oneself is above all a matter of making rational decisions to satisfy bodily needs.

In contrast, the French have a gourmet conception of food, putting the emphasis on flavor and pleasure. In our surveys, we asked French and American people to say what they associated with various words.

When we suggested chocolate cake, the Americans thought of guilt the French birthdays.

5

is it an accident that no white runner has managed to break the 10 second barrier in approved wind conditions, there is definitely a psychological barrier.

The huge bias in the figures has fueled a debate as to whether black West Africans are faster than the rest of the world's population.

The statistics suggest they are, but it is also likely that there is an element of the self fulfilling prophecy about it. In the USA, for instance, since white boys and girls are always told that black runners are superior in sprint events.

They go away and choose to compete at something else. And few black runners in the United States have distinguished themselves at distances over 800 meters.

None of the West African countries have long distance runners have a high international standard. The country with the highest density of world class sprinters in proportion to the population is Jamaica.

But Jamaica has never produced runners have the highest standard at more than 800 meters. Little Jamaica has a population of 2.6 million, but almost always has competitors of both sexes in international sprint Finals.

In addition to which many Jamaicans have emigrated to the USA, Canada and Britain and represent those countries in sprint events, they train in different countries and different environments, but they still reach the top. Only two Jamaicans have ever run 10,000 meters in less than 30 minutes, and Jamaican women are in a similar position.

The results show that long distance running neither enthusiast nor suits Jamaicans and there may be particular cultural factors that contribute to that. Genes are important in sprinting, and really talented sprinters can run fast without training, whether they happen to be black or white.

A runner who lacks a high percentage of fast muscle fiber stands no chance in a 100 meter sprint and the field of international sprinters are all approaching perfection for the particular event. There have been studies to estimate what percentage of fast muscle fiber the best sprinters have, but it is not a simple matter.

The proportion of different muscle fibers is not evenly distributed through the muscle and no active world class. runner will donate the whole muscle for research. Researchers are limited to taking and testing samples that might reveal tendencies.

It is unlikely that anyone has only fast muscle fibers. But if the proportion of such fibers is particularly high, then that individual can more easily improve because the fast muscle fibers will be trained irrespective of what the runner is doing, even if the training is wrong.

It is an interesting fact that a 100 meter runner takes the same number of strides in every race once he or she is fully grown. Among the best runners. The number of strides is between 43 and 50 with some slight variation depending on height, but irrespective of whether the wind is with them or against them.

The Canadian Ben Johnson took 46.1 strides whether his time was 10.44 or 9.83. At different points in his career. It demonstrates that progress is achieved through faster rather than by longer strides. It is dangerous to claim that any one race is better than another at any activity. In men sprinting and long distance running.

However, West Africans and East Africans respectively are outstandingly the best in 2008 though that has not always been the case. In 1986, about half of the 20 best times at distances between 800 meters and the marathon were held by European men and about a quarter by Africans in 2003.

The European element in the statistics was 11% whereas 85% of the best times were due to African runners in the same year, all of the world records from 100 meters up to the marathon were held by Africans or people of African origin.

Have the Africans become stronger because they want to run their way out of poverty. That is certainly an important motivation. And one they put forward themselves physical differences are another reason.

Insufficient research has yet been done in this area. And it may be that we will never know the answer. Since there are so many factors at play, even in something as simple as running. The picture is a rather different one among the women. A black runner holds the records at 100 and 200 meters but with the exception of the 5000 meters, all the records from 400 to 10,000 meters are in the hands of white Europeans or Chinese.

Is this because the African women entered the international elite later than their male counterparts.

4

Before, the brain is the most complicated organ in the known universe, it is estimated that the brain has 100 billion nerve cells and more connections in it than there are stars in the universe.

Even though the brain consists of only about 2% of your body's weight, it uses about 25% of the calories you consume.

If you take a piece of brain tissue, the size of a grain of sand, it contains 100,000 nerve cells and a billion connections, all communicating with one another. If you are not mentally active, the brain loses an average of 85,000 brain cells a day or one per second. information in the brain travels at the speed of 268 miles per hour. Unless of course you are drunk, which really slows things down.

The Brain is the Organ of loving learning, behaving intelligence. personality, character, belief, and knowing. Neurosurgeon Katrina fairly describes the brain as being like tofu, the soft kind, your soft tofu like rain is contained in a really hard skull that has many ridges.

These ridges can damage the brain during trauma. So why would you ever let children hit soccer balls with their heads? play tackle football, even with helmets to skateboard or snowboard or ski without helmets. Sports like boxing, football and motocross are simply not worth the risk.

The brain loves physical activity, and it is better to think about safer sports such as tennis table tennis Track and Field although not pole vaulting, and basketball. A 2007 study by John Adams and colleagues at the University of Cincinnati College of Medicine found that hitting a soccer ball with one's head is weak for Walker brain injury problems later in life.

Researchers found evidence of reduced gray matter in the brains of male college soccer players compared with young men who had never played a person with a brain injury often suffers later from emotional, behavioral or memory problems that may lead him to a psychiatrist or psychologist who typically never looks at the brain.

As a result, problems that are physically based are often considered psychological. If you never look at the brain, you will likely miss what many researchers have called the silent epidemic. There are 2 million reported new brain injury cases every year and millions of others that go unnoticed. When I first started imaging work, I saw a lot of brain injury patterns on scans. When I asked patients about a history of head injuries, they denied them.

When I pressed a whole new world opened up. I had to ask them three or even 10 times many people forgot or they did not realize that they had had a serious brain injury.

You would be amazed by how many people after repeatedly saying no to this question, suddenly got an AHA look on their face and said, Why yes, I fell out of a second story window at a seven or they told us that they had gone through the windshield of a car in an accident had had concussions playing football or soccer or had fallen down a flight of stairs. Not all brain injuries, even serious ones will cause damage.

It depends on the genes. Moreover, the brain is protected by the cerebrospinal fluid that means it still damage can occur more than most no blood is also important to the brain. Although the brain accounts for only 2% of the body's weight. It uses 20% of the body's blood flow and oxygen supply.

blood flow to the brain is rarely followed as important by the general public unless a disaster strikes such as a stroke or any other serious condition. Yet good blood flow is absolutely essential to the brain's health. This is one reason I favorite brain SPECT as our primary imaging method.

It specifically looks at blood flow patterns in the brain. Blood brings oxygen, sugar, vitamins and other nutrients to the brain and takes away carbon dioxide and other toxic waste products. Anything that limits blood flow makes all of your body's organs older prematurely.

Consider the skin of smokers. Most people can tell if someone is a smoker by looking at his or her skin. A smoker skin is more likely to be deeply wrinkled, and even perhaps tinged with a yellow or gray color. Why? nicotine in cigarettes restricts blood flow to every organ in the body, including the skin and the brain.

Deprive a vital nutrients. A smokers body will look older and the brain will think slower than it should unless you actively do something to change it. Blood flow throughout your body decreases over time, especially to the brain. Blood vessels become weak and blood pressure rises, limiting blood supply.

to keep your heart and mind young. it is essential to understand the factors that limit blood flow and eliminate them. improving blood flow is the fountain of youth.

to increase healthy blood flow throughout your body and brain. You need to get enough sleep, drink plenty of water stop any medications or bad habits like smoking, that may be limiting blood flow and consider taking supplements such as fish oil ginkgo ginseng and l arginine, that increased blood flow, probably.

3

we know some of the tricks for teaching kids to become high achievers. For example, research suggests that when parents praise effort rather than ability, children develop a stronger work ethic and become more motivated. Yet success is not the number one priority for most parents. Surveys reveal that in the United States, parents generally place far greater importance on caring than achievement. That is to say, we're much more concerned about our children becoming kind, sympathetic and helpful in spite of the significance that it holds in our lives, teaching children to care about others is no simple task. A certain study shows parents who valued kindness and sympathy frequently failed to raise children who shared those values. Are some children simply good natured, or not? How do kind and generous tendencies develop? Genetic twin studies suggest that anywhere from a quarter to more than half of our tendency to be giving and caring is inherited. In other words, there is still much room for education and environment. By age two, children experience some moral emotions, feelings triggered by right and wrong to support caring as the right behavior research indicates praise is more effective than rewards. Rewards run the risk of leading children to be kind only when something is offered, whereas praise communicates that sharing is essentially valuable for his own sake. But what sort of praise should we give when our children show early signs of generosity in an experiment, researchers investigated what happens when we praise generous behavior versus generous character. After eight year old children won some plastic toys in a game and gave some to charity. The researchers granted different types of praise to different children. For some, they praised the action. You gave your toys to charity that was such a nice thing to do. For others, they praise the character behind the action. You offered a lot of your toys, didn't you? You are a nice and helpful person. A couple of weeks later, when faced with more opportunities to give and share. The children were much more generous after their character had been praised. Than after their actions had been. Tying generosity to character appears to matter most around age eight, when children may be starting to form notions of identity. Children learn who they are from observing their own actions. I am a helpful person. Praise in response to good behavior is important but our responses to bad behavior had consequences too. When children cause harm, they typically feel one of two moral emotions, shame or guilt. Despite the common belief that these emotions are practically the same, they have very different causes and consequences. Shame is the feeling that I am a bad person, whereas guilt is the feeling that I have done a bad thing. Shame is a negative judgment about the core self, which is highly damaging. Shame makes children feel small and worthless. And they respond either by expressing anger toward the target or escaping the situation altogether. In contrast, guilt is a negative judgment about an action, which can be repaired by good behavior. When children feel guilt, they tend to experience deep regret, sympathize with the person they have harmed, and aim to make it right. In one study, young children received a doll and the leg fell off while they were playing with it all by themselves. The kids who tend to feel shame avoided the researcher and did not volunteer that they broke the doll. The kids who tend to feel guilt were more likely to fix the doll. Approach the researcher and explain what happened. The children who felt ashamed were avoiders the children who felt guilty were a menders. If we want our children to care about others. We need to teach them to feel guilt rather than shame when they behave badly. A psychologist suggests that shame emerges when parents express anger, withdraw their love, or try to assert their power through threats of punishment. Children may begin to believe that they are bad. Fearing this effect. Some parents fail to exercise discipline at all, which can harm the development of strong moral standards. The most effective response to bad behavior is to express disappointment. parents raise caring children by showing disappointment and explaining why the behavior was wrong, how it affected others and how they can correct the situation. This enables children to develop standards for judging their actions, feelings of sympathy and responsibility for others and a sense of moral identity, which lead them to become a helpful person. The beauty of expressing disappointment is that it communicates the fact that you do not approve of the bad behavior together. With high expectations and the potential for improvement. You're a good person, even if you did a bad thing, and I know you can do better.

2

messy or tidy, which is better. Historically, the evidence has favored the tidy camp. Cleanliness, as the proverb says, is next to godliness.

The anthropologist Mary Douglas noted almost 50 years ago, a connection between clean open spaces and moral righteousness. More recently, psychologists have shown that the scent of citrus cleaning products is enough to raise people's ethical standards and promote trust.

Conversely, in another study, people were found to associate disorderly wilderness with death. But if messiness is so bad, why do so many people tolerate and even embrace it? Not long ago, two of my colleagues and I speculated that messiness, like tidiness might serve a purpose.

Since tidiness has been associated with social standards. We predicted that just being around the tidiness would raise a desire for convention.

We also predicted the opposite, that being around messiness would lead people away from convention in favor of new directions. We conducted some experiments to test these intuitions.

And as we reported in last month's issue of the journal, psychological science, our guesses were right for our first study, we arranged rooms in our laboratory to look either tidy with books and papers stacked and orderly or messy with papers and books spread around.

Then we invited 188 adults to visit our laboratory individually, seemingly for a consumer choice study.

Each subject was assigned to either a messy or a tiny room where he or she was shown a menu from a deli that made fruit smoothies.

The smoothies were said to come with a boost added ingredients for which there were three options to choose a health, wellness or vitamin boost.

We created two versions of the menu half of the subject saw a menu that had the word classic, highlighting the health boost option, whereas the other half saw the health boost highlighted by the word new.

Then our subjects made their choices. And as predicted, when the subjects were in the tiny room, they chose the health boost more often, almost twice as often when it had the classic label, that is when it was associated with convention. Also as predicted, when the subjects were in the messy room.

They chose the health boost more often, more than twice as often when it was said to be new. That is when it was associated with novelty thus people greatly preferred convention in the tiny room and novelty in the messy room.

Given that divergence from the status quo is the essence of creativeness. We conducted a second experiment to test whether messiness fosters creativity 48 research subjects came individually to our laboratory, again assigned to messy or tidy rooms.

This time, we told subjects to imagine that a ping pong ball factory needed to think of new uses for ping pong balls, and to write down as many ideas as they could. We had independent judges rate the subjects answers for degree of creativity.

Answers rated low in creativity included using ping pong balls for beer pong, a party game that in fact uses ping pong balls, hence the low rating on innovation.

Answers rated high in creativity included using ping pong balls as ice cube trays and attaching them to chair legs to protect floors. When we analyzed the responses, we found that the subjects in both types of rooms came up with about the same number of ideas, which meant they put about the same effort into the task.

Nonetheless, the messy room subjects were more creative as we expected. Not only were their ideas 28% more creative on average. But when we analyze the ideas that judges scored as highly creative, we found a remarkable boost from being in the messy room.

These subjects came up with almost five times the number of highly creative responses, as did their tiny room counterparts. These results have been confirmed by independent researchers at Northwestern University who found that subjects in a messy room drew more creative pictures, and were quicker to solve a challenging puzzle than subjects in a tiny room.

Our findings have practical meanings. There is for instance, a minimalistic design trend taking hold in contemporary office spaces. were less means more private, walled in offices and even private cubicles are out of favor.

Today's office environments often involve desk sharing, and have minimal footprints, smaller office space per worker, which means less room to make a mess.

At the same time, the working world is busy with cultivating innovation and creativity and diverse that our findings suggest might be hampered by the minimalist movement. Although cleaning up certainly has its benefits.

Clean spaces might be too conventional to let inspiration flow.